While London has the largest community in England, Jews have been citizens of many other cities for centuries. As far back as the Middle Ages in Northampton, Nottingham, Newcastle, York, Canterbury and Exeter. But they also played an active part in the growth of English cities during the Industrial Revolution in a wide variety of fields. They became shoemakers in Birmingham, weavers in Bradford, businessmen in Manchester, manager of the Beatles in Liverpool, professors in Cambridge and Oxford, rabbis in Gateshead, founders of Marks & Spencer in Leeds, mayor in Leicester, glassmakers who invented Bristol Blue Glass, and strollers in the seaside towns of Brighton and Hove.